Enzymes used in bioethanol production and their roles

1. Cellulase: Cellulase is a general term for a group of enzymes, including endoglucanases (endo-β-1,4-glucanases) and exoglucanases (exo-β-1,4-glucanases). glucanases) and β-glucosidases (β-glucosidases), which work together to break down cellulose into glucose monomers and provide substrates for the fermentation process.
2. Hemicellulase: Hemicellulase, such as xylanases and xylosidases, decomposes hemicellulose into five-carbon sugars such as xylose, which can be fermented to produce ethanol.
3. Alpha-amylase: Alpha-amylase can hydrolyze starch into small molecules of dextrin and maltose, providing a substrate for glucosidase.
4. Glucosidase: This enzyme further hydrolyzes dextrin and maltose into glucose, providing an energy source for the fermentation process.
5. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH): During ethanol fermentation, ADH converts acetaldehyde into ethanol, which is a key step in ethanol production.
6. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH): ALDH oxidizes ethanol to acetaldehyde during ethanol metabolism, which is the reverse process of ethanol metabolism.
7. Transglycosidase: In some cases, transglycosidase can be used to transfer sugars to other substrates to generate new compounds.
8. Bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase AdhE: AdhE has the catalytic activity of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase, and is one of the key enzymes in the bacterial ethanol anaerobic fermentation pathway.
9. Peroxisomal catalase and aldehyde (AOX): plays a role in the oxidative biotransformation pathway of ethanol.
10. Phospholipase D (PLD): In the non-oxidative pathway of ethanol bioconversion, it participates in the re-esterification process of phospholipids.